Crystalline Amino Acid Supplementation Research Articles

Effects of dietary protein content and crystalline amino acid supplementation patterns in low protein diets on intestinal bacteria and their metabolites in weaned pigs raised under Different sanitary conditions.

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) content and crystalline amino acids (CAA) supplementation patterns in low CP (LCP) diets on intestinal bacteria and their metabolites in weaned pigs raised under clean (CSC) or unclean sanitary conditions (USC). One hundred forty-four piglets (6.35 ± 0.63 kg) were assigned to one of six treatments in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement based on CP content and sanitary conditions in a randomized complete block design to give eight replicates with three pigs per pen over a 21-d period. Diets consisted of a high CP (HCP; 21%) and two LCP (18%) diets supplemented with 9 CAA (Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, Val, Ile, Leu, His, and Phe) or only six CAA (Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, Val, and Ile) to meet the requirements. The CSC room was washed weekly, whereas the USC room had sow manure spread in the pens from the beginning of the study and was not washed throughout the experiment. Jejunum and colon digesta were sampled on day 21. Both jejunum and colon digesta were analyzed for ammonia nitrogen, short-chain fatty acids, and biogenic amines but only colon digesta was analyzed for microbiome composition (16s rRNA sequencing on MiSeq). Data were analyzed using R software for 16S rRNA and the MIXED procedure of SAS for microbial metabolites. Sanitation, CP content, and CAA supplementation patterns did not affect the diversity of colonic bacterial composition in weaned pigs. Pigs raised under USC had greater (P < 0.05) jejunal ammonia nitrogen concentration than those raised under CSC. Pigs fed LCP diets had reduced (P < 0.05) jejunal ammonia nitrogen concentration compared to those fed the HCP diet. Interactions between sanitation and dietary CP content were observed (P < 0.05) for: (1) jejunal acetate and (2) colonic spermidine and spermine, whereby (1) acetate concentrations decreased from NCP to LCP in pigs raised under the CSC but those concentrations increased under the USC, and (2) spermidine and spermine concentrations increased in LCP diets compared to HCP diet under USC, unlike CSC which did not show any difference between HCP and LCP. In conclusion, reducing dietary CP lowered ammonia nitrogen content regardless of sanitation and increased microbial metabolites in weaned pigs raised under USC. However, LCP diets with different CAA supplementation patterns did not affect bacterial diversity in weaned pigs, regardless of the hygienic conditions where the animals were housed.

PSX-A-4 Effects of Dietary Protein Content and Crystalline Amino Acid Supplementation Patterns on Intestinal Bacteria and Their Metabolites in Weaned Pigs Raised Under Different Sanitary Conditions

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) content and crystalline amino acids (CAA) supplementation patterns on the bacteria and their metabolites in the intestine of weaned pigs raised under clean (CSC) or unclean sanitary conditions (USC). One hundred forty-four piglets (6.35 ± 0.63 kg BW) were assigned to 1 of 3 diets to give 8 replicates, each with 3 pigs, over a 21-days period. Diets consisted of a high CP (HCP; 21%) and two low CP (LCP; 18%) diets supplemented with all 10 essential AA as CAA or only 6 CAA (Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, Val, and Ile). The CSC room was washed weekly, whereas the USC room had sow manure spread in the pens and was not washed throughout the experiment. Digesta from jejunum and colon were analyzed for ammonia N, short-chain fatty acids, and biogenic amines, but only colonic digesta was analyzed for microbiome composition (16s rRNA sequencing on MiSeq). Data were analyzed using R software for 16S rRNA and the MIXED procedure of SAS for microbial metabolites. Sanitation, CP content, and CAA supplementation patterns did not affect colonic bacterial composition or diversity in weaned pigs. Pigs raised under USC had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) jejunal ammonia N than those under CSC. Pigs fed LCP diets had reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) jejunal ammonia N compared to those fed HCP diet. No difference was found in colonic ammonia N. Interactions between sanitation and dietary CP content were observed (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for jejunal acetate and colonic spermidine and spermine. In conclusion, reducing dietary CP lowered ammonia N content regardless of the sanitation and increased microbial metabolites in weaned pigs raised under USC. However, colonic bacterial composition and diversity were not influenced by dietary CP, sanitary conditions, or CAA supplementation patterns.

Effects of dietary protein content and crystalline amino acid supplementation patterns on growth performance, intestinal histomorphology, and immune response in weaned pigs raised under different sanitary conditions.

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) contents and crystalline amino acids (CAA) supplementation patterns on growth performance, intestinal histomorphology, and immune response in weaned pigs under clean (CSC) or unclean sanitary conditions (USC). A total of 144 weaned pigs (6.35 ± 0.63 kg body weight) were assigned to 6 treatments in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement based on CP content and sanitary conditions using a randomized complete block design, giving 8 replicates per treatment with 3 pigs per pen. Pigs were fed one of three diets for 21 d: one high CP (HCP; 22%) and two low CP (LCP; 19%) diets supplemented with 9 indispensable AA or only 6 AA (Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, Val, and Ile) as CAA. The CSC room was washed weekly, whereas the USC room had sow manure spread in the pens and was not washed throughout the experiment. Body weight and feed disappearance were recorded weekly. Blood was sampled from 1 pig per pen weekly, and the same pig was euthanized for jejunal tissues sampling on day 21. Pigs raised under USC had reduced (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio (G:F) in week 2, but contrary results that greater (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F were found in pigs under USC in week 3. Overall, there was an interaction where G:F did not differ between HCP and LCP under CSC, however, LCP decreased (P < 0.05) G:F compared to HCP under USC. Pigs fed the HCP diet had higher (P < 0.05) fecal scores than those fed the LCP diets throughout the experiment. Pigs fed the LCP had higher (P < 0.05) villus height to crypt depth ratio than those fed the HCP. An interaction was observed where goblet cell density in the jejunum was higher (P < 0.05) in pigs fed LCP than HCP under CSC, but no difference was found between HCP and LCP under USC. Different CAA supplementation patterns did not influence both growth performance and histomorphology. Pigs raised under USC had greater (P < 0.05) plasma interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-6 concentrations and reduced (P < 0.05) plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentration. Also, the LCP diets resulted in a greater (P < 0.05) plasma IL-10 concentration. In conclusion, overall growth performance did not differ between HCP and LCP under CSC, but LCP diets reduced G:F under USC. Feeding LCP diets to weaned pigs improved gut morphology under USC and ameliorated systemic inflammation induced by USC, whereas CAA supplementation patterns did not affect growth performance and gut morphology.

Dietary Supplementation of Crystalline Amino Acid Improves Growth Performance and Health of Yellow Catfish That Reduced by Plant Proteins Replacement of Fishmeal

To evaluate the growth and health of yellow catfish ( 5.50 ± 0.61  g) under the conditions of unbalanced and balanced amino acid composition, an 8-week growth experiment was conducted. Three isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets were formulated with a graded level of fishmeal: control group was formulated with 560.00 g/kg fishmeal, and 25%PP group and 25%PP + AA group were formulated with 420.00 g/kg fishmeal (replace 25% of fishmeal with plant protein), and then 25%PP + AA group was supplemented with threonine, glycine, alanine, methionine, isoleucine, histidine, and lysine. Compared with control group, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and survival (SUR) in 25%PP group were significantly the lowest ( p &lt; 0.05 ), but feed conversion ratio (FCR) was higher than those in control group ( p &lt; 0.05 ). After supplementation of crystalline amino acid, the WG, SGR, SUR, and FCR in 25%PP + AA group were recovered to the level of control group ( p &gt; 0.05 ). Compared with control group, the activities of trypsin and lipase were significantly increased in 25%PP group and 25%PP + AA group ( p &lt; 0.05 ). Liver impairment was exhibited in 25%PP group, mainly manifested as significantly increased contents of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) ( p &lt; 0.05 ). Supplementation of crystalline amino acids based on a 25%PP diet significantly reduced activities of AST and ALT ( p &lt; 0.05 ). In addition, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), acid phosphatase (ACP), and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activities in 25%PP group increased significantly ( p &lt; 0.05 ). Data from 25%PP + AA group showed that crystalline amino acid supplementation ameliorated antioxidant (T-AOC and SOD) and immune (ACP and AKP) ( p &lt; 0.05 ). One of the characteristics of intestinal damage is shortening of villi height, which was significantly reduced in 25%PP group ( p &lt; 0.05 ). In short, unbalanced amino acid intake can impact growth, survival, and physiological status of yellow catfish. Diet supplemented with unbalanced amino acid can cause abnormal accumulation of amino acid content in muscle, resulting in unnecessary consumption of nutrients. Dietary supplementation of crystalline amino acid improves growth performance and health of yellow catfish that reduced by plant proteins replacement of fishmeal.

513 Late-Breaking: Effects of Dietary Protein Content and Crystalline Amino Acid Supplementation Patterns on Gut Health of Weaned Pigs Raised Under Different Sanitary Conditions

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) content and crystalline amino acids (CAA) supplementation patterns on the histomorphology, immune response, and microbial metabolites in weaned pigs under clean (CSC) or unclean sanitary conditions (USC). One hundred forty-four piglets (6.35 ± 0.63 kg BW) were assigned to 1 of 3 diets: a high CP (HCP; 21%) and two low CP (LCP; 18%) diets supplemented with 10 crystalline indispensable amino acids (IAA) to meet all IAA requirements or only 6 IAA (Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, Val, and Ile) to meet IAA requirements except for Leu, His, and Phe. Each treatment had 8 replicates per sanitary condition with 3 pigs per pen. The CSC room was cleaned and washed weekly, whereas the USC room remained unwashed throughout the experiment and had sow manure spread in the pens. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with orthogonal contrasts. Pigs fed the LCP diets had longer (P &amp;lt; 0.05) jejunal villi and higher villus height to crypt depth ratios than those fed the HCP diet. No significant difference is found in histomorphology between pigs fed LCP diets with different CAA supplementation patterns. Pigs raised under USC had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) plasma interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-6 concentrations and reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentration. Also, the LCP diets resulted in a greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) plasma IL-10 concentration. Interactions (P &amp;lt; 0.05) between sanitation and dietary CP content were observed for goblet cell density and acetate and total volatile fatty acids contents in the jejunum. In conclusion, CAA supplementation patterns did not affect gut morphology in weaned pigs. Feeding LCP diets to weaned pigs improved gut morphology and microbial metabolites in jejunum under USC and ameliorated systemic inflammation induced by USC.

217 Effects of Dietary Protein Content and Crystalline Amino Acid Supplementation Patterns on Growth Performance of Weaned Pigs Raised Under Different Sanitary Conditions

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) content and crystalline amino acids (CAA) supplementation patterns on the growth performance of weaned pigs under clean (CSC) or unclean sanitary conditions (USC). One hundred forty-four piglets (6.35 ± 0.63 kg BW) were housed under CSC or USC for 3 wk and assigned to 1 of 3 diets: a high CP (HCP; 21%) and two low CP (LCP; 18%) diets supplemented with 10 crystalline indispensable amino acids (IAA) to meet all IAA requirements or only 6 IAA (Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, Val, and Ile) to meet IAA requirements except Leu, His, and Phe. Each treatment had 8 replicates (3 pigs per pen) per sanitary condition. The CSC room was cleaned and washed weekly. For the USC room, sow manure was spread and remained unwashed. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with orthogonal polynomial contrasts. Pigs raised under USC had reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) ADG and G:F in wk 2, but overall, no difference was found between sanitary conditions due to contrary results in wk 3. Overall, ADG and ADFI were not affected but G:F tended (P &amp;lt; 0.10) to be lower for USC pigs. Also, G:F did not differ between HCP (0.79) and LCP (0.81) under CSC, however, LCP interactively decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) G:F to 0.75 compared to 0.83 in HCP under USC. The CAA supplementation patterns did not influence growth except reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) ADFI in wk 3. Pigs fed the HCP diet had higher (P &amp;lt; 0.05) fecal scores throughout the experiment than those fed LCP diets under both sanitary conditions. In conclusion, overall growth performance did not differ between HCP and LCP under CSC, but LCP diets reduced G:F under USC. The fecal score decreased in LCP diets regardless of sanitary conditions.

Optimizing amino acid balance in fish meal‐free diets for GIFT strain of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) by deletion method

An indoor feeding trial was conducted to optimize the amino acid (AA) profile of the genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) diet using the AA deletion method. Six corn–soy-based isonitrogenous and isoenergetic fishmeal-free diets with different AA profiles were formulated to evaluate the effects of crystalline AA supplementation on the growth performance, whole-body composition, muscle growth-related gene expression and haemato-biochemical responses of juvenile GIFT tilapia. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 30 fish (5.5 ± 0.3 g) per experimental unit, which were fed three times a day (09:00, 13:00 and 17:00 h) for a period of 60 days. Maximum growth performances and feed utilization were observed in fish fed a balanced diet and a -Trp diet compared with the AA-unsupplemented diet, whereas no significant differences were observed among fish fed –Met, –Lys and –Arg diets. Whole-body proximate composition and amino acid profile of GIFT tilapia were not significantly affected by diets with different amino acid profiles. Similarly, no significant differences were observed in blood biochemical responses, except glucose. However, significant (p < .05) differences were observed in haematological responses and mRNA expression of MyoD,myogenin and myostatin. Based on the growth performance and feed efficiency, the EAA pattern associated with –Trp diet was considered to be the optimum EAA ratio for maximum growth and feed utilization of juvenile GIFT tilapia.

The effect of fishmeal replacement with terrestrial protein sources on growth, body condition and intestinal microbiota of juvenile dusky kob Argyrosomus japonicus

A balanced combination of protein sources to partially replace fishmeal in the diets of cultured carnivorous fish can promote optimal fish health and production performance. In the present study, the growth, body condition and gut microbiota of juvenile dusky kob Argyrosomus japonicus fed fishmeal-substituted diets comprising different blends of animal and plant protein sources, with crystalline amino acid supplementation, were compared. The fish (15.7 [SE 0.12] g fish−1) were fed one of three isonitrogenous (41% protein) and isoenergetic (13 kJ g−1) diets for 60 days. Fish fed a diet with no fishmeal (D0; blood meal and soybean protein sources only) displayed the lowest specific growth rate (p < 0.001). Longer body lengths were achieved in fish fed a 50% fishmeal diet (D50; supplemented with poultry meal, bloodmeal, canola meal and soybean) (13.2 [SE 0.4] cm) compared with those fed either a 100% fishmeal diet (D100) (12.8 [SE 0.4] cm) or a diet with no fishmeal (D0) (12.1 [SE 0.08] cm) (p < 0.001). There were no differences in condition factor, hepatosomatic index (HSI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) between fish fed diets D50 and D100; whereas fish fed diet D0 had a lower HSI and a higher FCR when compared with the other treatments (p < 0.01). The dietary protein source did not alter the gut microbiota of these fish. In conclusion, 50% replacement of dietary fishmeal with a favourable balance of meals processed from poultry, blood, canola and soybean improved length gain in juvenile dusky kob compared with those fed a diet with no fishmeal replacement.

Swine diets impact manure characteristics and gas emissions: Part I protein level

Crude protein (CP) is a key nutrient in swine diets supplying essential amino acids, N, and S to animals for growth are fed in excess to maximize growth. Swine diets reduced in CP and supplemented with crystalline amino acids have been shown effective at maintaining animal growth while increasing overall CP use efficiency. A feeding trial study was conducted to determine the effects of reduced dietary CP levels on manure slurry chemical properties and gas emissions. A total of 24 gilts averaging 111 kg BW were fed corn and soybean meal diets formulated with 8.7, 14.8, and 17.6% CP using crystalline amino acid supplementation in the 8.7 and 14.8% CP diets, but only intact protein, soybean meal, in the diet containing 17.6% CP. Diets were fed for 45 d with an average daily feed intake (ADFI) of 2.70 kg across all diets. Animals were fed twice daily with both feces and urine collected during each feeding and added to animal-specific manure storage containers. At the end of the study, manure slurries were monitored for gas emissions and chemical properties. Increasing dietary CP levels increased manure pH, total solids, total N, and total S, including increased levels of ammonia (NH3), volatile fatty acids, and phenolic compounds. Pigs fed lower CP diets had lower emissions of NH3, branched chain fatty acids (BCFA), and phenol compounds which translated into lower emissions in total odor. Emissions of NH3 and odor were reduced by 8.9% and 4.2%, respectively, for each unit percent decline in dietary CP. Hydrogen sulfide was the dominate odorant associated with manure odor emissions. Based on nutrient mass balance, animal retention of dietary N and S increased by 7.0% and 2.4%, respectively, for each unit percent drop in crude protein fed animals, while C retention in the animal declined by 2.1%.

Dietary protein reduction improves the energetic and amino acid efficiency in lactating sows

Strategies to mitigate the environmental impact of swine production are essential to contribute to the sustainability of the swine industry. Our work has focussed on the area of dietary crude-protein (CP) reduction with crystalline amino acid (CAA) supplementation to create diets containing a near ‘ideal’ amino acid (AA) balance, and to assess the environmental impact of feeding these diets to lactating sows. Additionally, with an increasing availability of CAA at competitive costs relative to feed-ingredient proteins, precise prediction of requirements of the less traditionally limiting AA such as histidine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine and valine are ever more relevant. Prediction of AA requirements using modelling approaches is dependent on accurate estimates of AA efficiency of utilisation for milk-protein production. Aggressive reduction in dietary CP and CAA supplementation to improve dietary AA balance minimises urea-nitrogen (N) synthesis, N excretion and ammonia emission, without compromising lactation performance. Improving dietary AA balance increases energy, global N and AA efficiency of utilisation for milk production, and, in some cases, increases true milk protein and casein yield in peak lactation. The mechanisms by which enhanced AA balance improves nutrient efficiency include potentially increased extraction rate of AA by the mammary gland and reduced heat production. Individual AA efficiencies are dynamic, and, thus, estimating their maximum biological efficiency value (MBEV) is of critical importance for accurate prediction of AA requirements. We have estimated MBEV for each individual AA. Future dietary formulations using reduced CP diets to minimise N excretion and ammonia emission will require AA requirements based on MBEV estimates.

Multiple feedings enhance the growth performance and feed efficiency of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei when fed a low-fish meal amino acid-supplemented diet

In the coming years, supplementation of crystalline amino acids (CAAs) will become a standard practice driven by the trend towards low-fish meal diets. We have evaluated the effect of feeding juvenile L. vannamei several times a day versus two (2×) and four (4×) times using a low-fish meal diet supplemented with CAAs. A total of 1632 shrimp of 1.06 ± 0.16 g were stocked in 16 outdoor tanks of 1 m3 under 100 shrimp/m2. Shrimp were either fed manually, 2× or 4× daily, using one feeding tray per tank, or fed with an automatic feeder to deliver multiple (10) meals during the day or during the day and night (D&N) at programmed times. A diet containing 3% fish meal was prepared to contain supplemental levels of CAAs. After 11 weeks of rearing, survival, growth performance, and feed efficiency of shrimp were significantly affected by feeding frequency and time of feeding. Feeding 2× and 4× daily resulted in a lower survival compared to multiple times during the day or D&N. Shrimp body weight was enhanced with an increase in feeding frequency, from 8.74, 10.95, 11.33, and 11.33 g under 2×, 4×, and multiple feedings during the day or during D&N, respectively. FCR was also significantly affected, reducing from a high of 2.46 under 2× to 1.59 under multiple feedings D&N. Our findings indicate that it is more advantageous to feed juvenile L. vannamei multiple times a day when a low-fish meal amino acid-supplemented diet is used.

Regulatory Role of Amino Acids in Pigs Fed on Protein-restricted Diets.

The high inclusion of dietary protein and the imbalance of amino acid (AA) composition in animal husbandry result in inefficient utilization of protein resources and increased nitrogen excretion. Therefore, an efficient approach to alleviate the nitrogen excretion and increase the utilization of protein resources is to formulate the AA-balance protein-restricted diet with crystalline AA supplementation. Nowadays, it is essential to thoroughly understand the regulatory mechanisms of AAs on body metabolism and their vital roles in protein-restricted diets. Besides, an establishment of the amino acid balanced protein-restricted diet system is beneficial for the maintenance of healthy environment and sustainable animal husbandry. This review focused on the recent advances on functional roles of AAs and development of a protein-restricted diet system in animal husbandry.

Effects of low-protein diets on growth performance and carcass yields of growing French meat quails (France coturnix coturnix)

A dose-response experiment with 5 analyzed dietary crude protein (CP) levels (17.61, 19.73, 21.58, 23.24, and 25.32%) was conducted to investigate the effects of low-protein diets on growth performance and carcass yields of French meat quails from 15 to 42 d of age. All diets were formulated to contain a similar dietary energy level and amino acid profile. A total of 400 fifteen-day-old French quails were divided into 5 experimental treatments and each treatment contained 4 replicate pens of 20 birds (10♂+10♀). At 42 d of age, weight gain, feed intake, CP intake, feed/gain, and the yields of breast part with bone, leg part with bone, and liver of quails from each pen were measured. The results showed significant effects of the low-CP diets on CP intake, weight gain, feed intake, and feed/gain at different experiment periods except for the sixth wk of age (P < 0.05). In addition, as dietary CP decreased from 25.32 to 17.61%, feed intake and feed/gain were increased linearly (P < 0.05), whereas CP intake showed the opposite trend and decreased gradually. On the other hand, the carcass yields of quail were not influenced by reducing dietary CP at 42 day of age (P > 0.05). Based on broken-line regression, 23.0%, 22.5%, and 20.4% were the minimum dietary CP to keep weight gain similar to the quails fed with 25.32% CP diets during the third, fourth, and fifth wk of age, respectively. In summary, with crystalline amino acid supplementation based on a similar amino acid profile, it was possible to formulate the low-protein diets containing about 22.0% CP for growing meat quails without adverse effects on growth and carcass yields of meat quails.

Effects of low-protein diets on growth performance and carcass yield of growing White Pekin ducks

A dose-response experiment with 6 analyzed dietary crude protein (CP) levels (13.54, 14.37, 14.71, 16.04, 16.61, and 17.22%) was conducted to investigate the effects of low-protein diets on growth performance and carcass yield of growing White Pekin ducks from 14 to 35 d of age. All diets were formulated to contain a similar dietary energy level and the standardized ileal digestible amino acid profile including lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan, arginine, isoleucine, valine, and glycine. A total of 288 14-day-old male White Pekin ducks were divided into 6 experimental treatments and each treatment contained 8 replicate pens of 6 birds. Ducks were raised in wire-floor pens from 14 to 35 d of age. At 35 d of age, the weight gain, feed intake, feed/gain, and the yield of carcass, breast meat, leg meat, and abdominal fat of ducks from each pen were measured. As dietary CP decreased from 17.22 to 13.54%, weight gain and feed intake were not affected (P > 0.05) but feed/gain increased when dietary CP decreased to 13.54% (P < 0.05). On the other hand, the yield of carcass, leg meat, and breast meat was not influenced by reducing dietary CP (P > 0.05) but the abdominal fat increased when dietary CP was 13.54% (P < 0.05). Based on broken-line regression, the 14.81 and 14.94% were the minimum dietary CP to keep the feed/gain and abdominal fat similar to the ducks fed with 17.22% CP diets, respectively. In summary, with crystalline amino acid supplementation based on a similar standardized ileal digestible amino acid profile, it was possible to formulate the low-protein diets containing about 15% CP for Pekin ducks without adverse effects on their growth performance and carcass yield.

241 Impact of feeding reduced dietary crude protein diets with crystalline amino acid supplementation in late gestation on nitrogen balance of sows

241 Impact of feeding reduced dietary crude protein diets with crystalline amino acid supplementation in late gestation on nitrogen balance of sows

Evaluation of Dietary Anti-nutritional Factors and Amino Acids Supplementation on Growth, Feed Efficiency Ratio, and Apparent Digestibility of Japanese Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) at Equal Feed Intake

A 30-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the anti-nutritional factors in fish meal-based diets, and limiting amino acids in soybean meal-based diets on growth, feed efficiency ratio (FER), and nutrient apparent digestibility (AD) of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) at equal feed intake. Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated: Diet 1 contained fish meal as the main dietary protein source; Diet 2 was based on Diet 1 and supplemented with anti-nutritional factors; Diet 3 contained both fish meal and soybean meal as main protein source; Diet 4 was based on Diet 3 and supplemented with crystalline amino acids. All diets were assigned to triplicate groups of 5 fish per aquarium. Results from Diet 1 showed that force-feeding was a possible method to rear Japanese flounder with high FER and 100% survival rate. In the first three periods (4 days/period), weight gain (WG) and FER of fish fed Diets 2, 3 &amp; 4 were significantly lower (P&lt;0.05) than in fish fed Diet 1. After 30 days of the feeding trial, WG and FER of fish fed Diets 3 &amp; 4 were significantly lower than in fish fed Diet 1 (P&lt;0.05). No significant difference in WG and FER was observed either between fish fed Diets 1 &amp; 2, or between fish fed Diets 3 &amp; 4. The AD of dry matter and crude lipid of fish fed Diets 3 &amp; 4 were significantly lower than those of fish fed Diet 1 (P&lt;0.05). Results indicated that supplementation of anti-nutritional factors in a fish meal-based diet, or supplementation of crystalline amino acids in a soybean meal-based diet did not significantly affect growth performance of Japanese flounder by force feeding.

Effects of crystalline amino acid supplementation of reduced crude protein (RCP) diet on net energy basis on Longissimus muscle (LM) quality of growing-finishing swine

Effects of crystalline amino acid supplementation of reduced crude protein (RCP) diet on net energy basis on Longissimus muscle (LM) quality of growing-finishing swine

Effect of Low-Protein Diets with Crystalline Amino Acid Supplementation on Egg Production, Blood Parameters and Nitrogen Balance in Laying Japanese Quails

A total of 120 Japanese quails were randomly distributed into six dietary groups to evaluate the effect of low-crude protein (CP) diet supplemented with crystalline amino acids on productive and reproductive performance, blood parameters and nitrogen (N) balance. Treatments consisted of six different diets: a control diet (20% CP), a low-CP (16%) diet supplemented with threonine (Thr), valine (Val) and tryptophan (Trp), three low-CP diets supplemented with individual Thr, Val or Trp, and a low-CP diet supplemented with all aforementioned amino acids. None of the growth traits examined were influenced either by dietary treatments or by egg production (P &gt; 0.05). The highest fertility percentages (88.2%) were observed in quails fed the low-CP diet without crystalline amino acids supplementation followed by low-CP diet supplemented with Val (86.2%), whereas the highest hatchability (from fertile eggs) percentage was observed in quails fed low-CP diet plus Trp. Egg shell percentages from quails fed the control diet were higher (P &lt; 0.05) compared to other dietary treatments during the whole feeding period. Yolk percentage was decreased (P &lt; 0.01) with the low-CP diet supplemented with amino acids. Blood protein and ammonia levels were decreased (P &lt; 0.05) by reducing the dietary CP level or by supplementing amino acids to the low-CP diet. Reducing the CP level in the diet with amino acids supplementation in laying quails decreased the daily N excretion (P &lt; 0.05). It is concluded that reducing the CP level in a diet supplemented with crystalline amino acids supports reproductive performance in quails, and is a valuable strategy for decreasing feeding cost and mitigating ammonia emission.

Effect of plant proteins and crystalline amino acid supplementation on postprandial plasma amino acid profiles and metabolic response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The use of aquafeeds formulated with plant protein sources supplemented with crystalline amino acids (CAAs) is believed to influence amino acid (AA) uptake patterns and AA metabolic fate. Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates were measured in rainbow trout (468.5 ± 86.5 g) force fed 0.75 % of their body mass with a diet based on either (1) fish meal (FM), (2) pea protein concentrate (PPC), or (3) pea protein concentrate supplemented with histidine, lysine, methionine and threonine (PPC+) to mimic FM AA profile. The specific dynamic action and nitrogen quotient (NQ) were calculated for 48 h of the postprandial period. In parallel, plasma AA concentrations were measured in blood samples withdrawn from the caudal vein before and then 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 20, 32 and 48 h after feed administration. The unbalanced diet PPC had a significantly higher NQ compared to FM (0.29 ± 0.09 and 0.18 ± 0.04, respectively), and plasma profiles of essential AAs reflected the dietary deficiencies. Supplementation with CAA in diet PPC+ resulted in an intermediary NQ (0.21 ± 0.04) and significantly affected plasma AA profiles, presenting greater and faster rises followed by sharp decreases compared to FM. The strongest effect was observed for methionine, presenting threefold higher concentrations at peak time for PPC+ compared to FM (297.0 ± 77.0 and 131.8 ± 39.0 nmol ml−1, respectively). The differences in AA availability and metabolic profile in the pea diets compared to the FM diet were believed to be caused by an unbalanced dietary AA profile and CAA supplementation, rather than inclusion of plant protein concentrate.

Practical supplementation of shrimp and fish feeds with crystalline amino acids

Abstract In 2011, aquaculture accounted for almost 64 million MT of fish, crustaceans and mollusks (FAO, 2012). Fish meal has historically been the protein source of choice in aquatic feeds, but global supplies have reached a plateau making it less available and more expensive. As a consequence, the use of cheaper proteins made from processed plant proteins, byproducts from agriculture, fisheries or the slaughtering of terrestrial production animals was popularized within the aquaculture feed industry. Although these alternative ingredients may contain a crude protein (CP) content comparable to fish meal, they may be less digestible and deficient in one or more of the ten essential amino acids (EAAs). This has required the adoption of more modern formulation approaches which take into account nutrient availability, especially in regard to EAAs. EAA requirements have been established for a number of species of fish and shrimp. Methionine (Met) followed by lysine (Lys) are the first limiting amino acids in plant and rendered animal byproducts. Formulating for EAAs by simply increasing the dietary inclusion levels of the feedstuffs that contain intact sources of the targeted EAAs can lead to overformulated feeds with excessive levels of CP and other nutrients. A more rational approach is to supplement the diet with crystalline amino acids (CAAs). A first step to the application of a nutrient-based formulation approach is knowledge of the digestible EAA content of the ingredients available for use in the formula. It is highly desirable to formulate on a CP, EAA and energy digestibility basis in line with current formulation practices of most modern feed companies. Further expansion of current EAA digestibility values across ingredients and farmed aquatic species will further enable nutrient based formulation. By formulating on an EAA basis across farmed aquatic species, nutritionists have realized least cost formulation opportunities with the use of CAAs which are now available throughout the world at accessible prices. The CAAs mostly used by the animal feed industry, in order of usage, are the following: dl -methionine or Met analogs, l -lysine, l -threonine, l -tryptophan, l -isoleucine and l -valine. Met and Lys are the most currently used due to their wide availability and importance as most limiting EAAs in plant protein ingredients, such as soy and corn based meals. There is a relatively wide variation in the dietary Met and Lys requirement values for farmed fish and shrimp. This is due to differences in species requirements, culture systems, developmental stage and composition of experimental diets. The dietary Met requirements for fish and shrimp range from 0.5 to 1.5% and from 0.7 to 0.9% of the diet, respectively (NRC, 2011). The dietary Lys requirements range from 1.2% to 3.3% of the diet for cultured fish and from 1.6 to 2.1% of the diet for cultured shrimp. Appropriate dietary Met and Lys levels improve the use of other EAAs because they have the ability to reduce the oxidation rate of other amino acids. The present review discusses bioavailability, requirements and sources of EAAs and practical considerations for their application in aquaculture feeds. The appropriate supplementation of crystalline amino acids in feeds for fish and shrimp represents an opportunity to reduce formulation costs in the face of the volatile commodity market of protein ingredients and the short supply of fish meal. Competitiveness in the aquatic animal feed industry today depends upon application of modern and environmentally-sound formulation techniques based on nutrient value and supplementation with crystalline EAA to meet animal nutrient requirements.